Author Archives: fitaxguy

2025 Solo 401(k) Update

Before we explore new developments for 2025, 2024 was so chock full of Solo 401(k) developments that it deserves its own rundown. Then we will move onto 2025 Solo 401(k) changes.

Vanguard Out!

Vanguard transferred all of their Solo 401(k) accounts to Ascensus in 2024. Vanguard is now entirely out of the Solo 401(k) business.

The good news for those fond of Vanguard is that the Ascensus Solo 401(k) offers Vanguard mutual funds.

The transition was not entirely smooth. Notably, beneficiary designation forms did not transfer from Vanguard to Ascensus. The Ascensus Solo 401(k) contribution portal is quite different from Vanguard’s and is not intuitive, in my opinion. I did a YouTube video about making contributions to a Solo 401(k) at Ascensus.

I’m not in the business of making generic recommendations about which Solo 401(k) plan provider to use. In my book, I advocate strongly for considering a pre-approved plan (sometimes referred to as a prototype plan). Schwab, Fidelity, and Ascensus are now among the larger providers of pre-approved plans. While I will not provide any plan provider recommendation, I believe Ascensus, Fidelity, and Schwab are all reasonable options to consider.

Solo 401(k)s at Retirement

During 2024 I did a deep-dive on some Solo 401(k) history. The results of that research is a 27 page self-published article concluding that for Schedule C solopreneurs, a Solo 401(k) should survive the solopreneur’s retirement.

One of the implications of that finding is that Solo 401(k)s should qualify for the Rule of 55. However, one must always consult with their own individual plan, as the plan itself must have rules facilitating Rule of 55 distributions.

Doubts About SECURE 2.0

SECURE 2.0 made dozens of changes to retirement account rules. It made what I believe to be rather inconsequential changes to Solo 401(k) planning. Nevertheless, it did change some Solo 401(k) rules.

Based on a court case in federal district court in Texas, the legal foundation of SECURE 2.0 is now shaky. I discussed the situation on YouTube. It will be very interesting to see what the new Administration does with SECURE 2.0 considering that a federal district court judge made a very convincing argument that the passage of the Omnibus bill (which included SECURE 2.0) in December 2022 was not valid.

New Solo 401(k) Employee Contributions Limit for 2025

The IRS announced that for 2025, the employee deferral limit for all 401(k)s, including Solo 401(k)s, will be $23,500.

Solo 401(k) Catch-Up Contributions Limit for 2025

The IRS also announced that for 2025, the normal employee deferrals catch-up contribution limit remains $7,500. As a result, those aged 50 or older can contribute, in employee contributions, a maximum of the lesser of $31,000 ($23,500 plus $7,500) or earned income.

New Solo 401(k) All Additions Limit for 2025

The new all-additions limit for Solo 401(k)s is $70,000 (or earned income, whichever is less). For those aged 50 or older during 2025, the $70,000 number is $77,500 ($70,000 plus $7,500).

New Additional Catch-Up Contributions for Those Aged 60 Through 63

SECURE 2.0 increased the catch-up contribution for those aged 60 through 63 (see page 2087 of this file). In 2025, the catch-up contribution for these people is $11,250, not $7,500. As this is a SECURE 2.0 rule, I believe that Solo 401(k) users should (1) proceed with caution and (2) stay tuned.

Traditional Solo 401(k) Contributions More Attractive Than Ever

I believe traditional Solo 401(k) contributions are now more attractive than ever. Why? The change in tax policy coming with the 2024 Election results.

There’s been plenty of debate: traditional versus Roth. The way to resolve that is to compare today’s marginal tax rate with the tax rate on the income in retirement. Today’s rate is pretty knowable, but tomorrow’s rate isn’t.

That said, we do know that America has a history of standard deductions and graduated progressive tax rates. That, combined with Congress’s political incentives (retirees tend to vote), suggests that retirees will be relatively low taxed in retirement.

Social Security has been a fly in the ointment to that view. Up to 85 percent of Social Security income fills up the standard deduction and lower tax brackets with income. Doesn’t that mean that traditional retirement account withdrawals will be taxed against higher tax brackets?

Starting in 2025, that issue may go away. Eliminating income tax on Social Security was a major promise of the Trump campaign. Considering the GOP majorities in both houses of Congress, the tax on Social Security should be repealed. Stay tuned!

Removing Social Security from taxable income means significant amounts of traditional retirement account withdrawals should be tax free (offset by the standard deduction) or subject to the lower 10 percent and 12 income tax brackets. The possibility of even lighter taxation on traditional retirement account withdrawals makes traditional Solo 401(k) contributions more attractive than ever.

2025 Update to Solo 401(k): The Solopreneur’s Retirement Account

Solo 401(k): The Solopreneur’s Retirement Account explores the nooks and crannies of Solo 401(k)s. On page 16 of the paperback edition, I provide an example of the Solo 401(k) limits for 2022 if a solopreneur makes $100,000 of Schedule C income. Here is a revised version (in italics) of the example (with the footnote omitted) applying the new 2025 employee contribution limit:

Lionel, age 35, is self-employed. His self-employment income (as reported on the Schedule C he files with his tax return) is $100,000. Lionel works with a financial institution to establish his own Solo 401(k) plan and choose investments for the plan. Lionel can contribute $23,500 to his Solo 401(k) as an employee deferral (2025 limit) and can choose to contribute, as an employer contribution, anywhere from 0-20% of his self-employment income.

Lionel’s maximum potential tax-advantaged Solo 401(k) contribution for 2025 is $42,087! That is a $23,500 employee contribution and a $18,587 employer contribution. Note there’s no change in the computation of the employer contribution for 2025 in this example.

On page 18 I provide an example of the Solo 401(k) contribution limits factoring in catch-up contributions. Here’s the example revised for 2025:

If Lionel turned 50 during the year, his limits are as follows:

Employee contribution: lesser of self-employment income ($92,935) or $31,000: $31,000
Employer contribution: 20% of net self-employment income (20% X $92,935): $18,587
Overall contribution limit: lesser of net self-employment income ($92,935) or $77,500: $77,500

Amazon Reviews

If you have read Solo 401(k): The Solopreneur’s Retirement Account, you can help more solopreneurs find the book! How? By writing an honest, objective review of the book on Amazon.com. Reviews help other readers find the book!

FI Tax Guy can be your financial planner! Find out more by visiting mullaneyfinancial.com

Follow me on X at @SeanMoneyandTax

This post is for entertainment and educational purposes only. It does not constitute accounting, financial, legal, investment, or tax advice. Please consult with your advisor(s) regarding your personal accounting, financial, legal, investment, and tax matters. Please also refer to the Disclaimer & Warning section found here.

2024 Year-End Tax Planning

It’s that time of year again. The air is cool and the Election is in the rear-view mirror. That can only mean one thing when it comes to personal finance: time to start thinking about year-end tax planning.

I’ll provide some commentary about year-end tax planning to consider, with headings corresponding to the timeframe required to execute.

As always, none of this is advice for your particular situation but rather it is educational information.

Urgent

By urgent, I mean those items that (i) need to happen before year-end and (ii) may not happen if taxpayers delay and try to accomplish them late in the year.

Donor Advised Fund Contributions

The donor advised fund is a great way to contribute to charity and accelerate a tax deduction. My favorite way to use the donor advised fund is to contribute appreciated stock directly to the donor advised fund. This gets the donor three tax benefits: 1) a potential upfront itemized tax deduction, 2) removing the unrealized capital gain from future income tax, and 3) removing the income produced by the assets inside the donor advised fund from the donor’s tax return.

In order to get the first benefit in 2024, the appreciated stock must be received by the donor advised fund prior to January 1, 2025. This deadline is no different than the normal charitable contribution deadline.

However, due to much year end interest in donor advised fund contributions and processing time, different financial institutions will have different deadlines on when transfers must be initiated in order to count for 2024. Donor advised fund planning should be attended to sooner rather than later.

Taxable Roth Conversions

For a Roth conversion to count as being for 2024, it must be done before January 1, 2025. That means New Year’s Eve is the deadline. However, taxable Roth conversions should be done well before New Year’s Eve because

It requires analysis to determine if a taxable Roth conversion is advantageous,
If advantageous, the proper amount to convert must be estimated, and
The financial institution needs time to execute the Roth conversion so it counts as having occurred in 2024.

Remember, generally speaking it is not good to have federal and/or state income taxes withheld when doing Roth conversions!

Gotta Happen Before 2026!!!

Before the Election, many commentators said “you’ve gotta get your Roth conversions done before tax rates go up in 2026!” If this were X (the artist formerly known as Twitter), the assertion would likely be accompanied by a hair-on-fire GIF. 😉

I have disagreed with the assertion. As I have stated before, there’s nothing more permanent than a temporary tax cut! Now with a second Trump presidency and a Republican Congress, it is likely that the higher standard deduction and rate cuts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act will be extended.

Regardless of the particulars of 2025 tax changes, I recommend that you make your own personal taxable Roth conversion decisions based on your own personal situation and analysis of the landscape and not a fear of future tax hikes.

Adjust Withholding

This varies, but it is a good idea to look at how much tax you owed last year. If you are on pace to get 100% (110% if 2023 AGI is $150K or greater) or slightly more of that amount paid into Uncle Sam by the end of the year (take a look at your most recent pay stub), there’s likely no need for action. But what if you are likely to have much more or much less than 100%/110%? It may be that you want to reduce or increase your workplace withholdings for the rest of 2024. If you do, don’t forget to reassess your workplace withholdings for 2024 early in the year.

One great way to make up for underwithholding is through an IRA withdrawal mostly directed to the IRS and/or a state taxing agency. Just note that for those under age 59 ½, this tactic may require special planning.

Backdoor Roth IRA Diligence

The deadline for the Backdoor Roth IRA for 2024 is not December 31st, as I will discuss below. But if you have already completed a Backdoor Roth IRA for 2023, the deadline to get to a zero balance in all traditional IRAs, SEP IRAs, and SIMPLE IRAs is December 31, 2024.

Solo 401(k) Planning

There’s plenty of planning that needs to be done for solopreneurs in terms of retirement account contributions.

The Solo 401(k) can get complicated. That’s why I wrote a book about them and post an annual update on Solo 401(k)s here on the blog.

Year-End Deadline

These items can wait till close to year-end, though you don’t want to find yourself doing them on New Year’s Eve.

Tax Gain Harvesting

For those finding themselves in the 12% or lower federal marginal income tax bracket and with an asset in a taxable account with a built-in gain, tax gain harvesting prior to December 31, 2024 may be a good tax tactic to increase basis without incurring additional federal income tax. Remember, though, the gain itself increases one’s taxable income, making it harder to stay within the 12% or lower marginal income tax bracket.

I’m also quite fond of tax gain harvesting that reallocates one’s portfolio in a tax efficient manner.

Tax Loss Harvesting

The deadline for tax loss harvesting for 2024 is December 31, 2024. Just remember to navigate the wash sale rule.

RMDs from Your Own Retirement Account

The deadline to take any required minimum distributions from one’s own retirement account is December 31, 2024. Remember, the rules can get a bit confusing. Generally, IRAs can be aggregated for RMD purposes, but 401(k)s cannot.

RMDs from Inherited Accounts

The deadline to take any RMDs from inherited retirement accounts is December 31st. For some beneficiaries of retirement accounts inherited during 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023, the IRS has waived 2024 RMDs. That said, all beneficiaries of inherited retirement accounts may want to consider affirmatively taking distributions (in addition to RMDs, if any) before the end of 2024 to put the income into a lower tax year, if 2024 happens to be a lower taxable income year vis-a-vis future tax years.

Can Wait Till Next Year

Traditional IRA and Roth IRA Contribution Deadline

The deadline for funding either or both a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA for 2024 is April 15, 2025.

Backdoor Roth IRA Deadline

There’s no law saying “the deadline for the Backdoor Roth IRA is DATE X.” However, the deadline to make a nondeductible traditional IRA contribution for the 2024 tax year is April 15, 2025. Those doing the Backdoor Roth IRA for 2024 and doing the Roth conversion step in 2025 may want to consider the unique tax filing when that happens (what I refer to as a “Split-Year Backdoor Roth IRA”).

HSA Funding Deadline

The deadline to fund an HSA for 2024 is April 15, 2025. Those who have not maximized their HSA through payroll deductions during the year may want to look into establishing payroll withholding for their HSA so as to take advantage of the payroll tax break available when HSAs are funded through payroll.

The deadline for those age 55 and older to fund a Baby HSA for 2024 is April 15, 2025.

2025 Tax Planning at the End of 2024

HDHP and HSA Open Enrollment

It’s open enrollment season. Now is a great time to assess whether a high deductible health plan (a HDHP) is a good medical insurance plan for you. One of the benefits of the HDHP is the health savings account (an HSA).

For those who already have a HDHP, now is a good time to review payroll withholding into the HSA. Many HSA owners will want to max this out through payroll deductions so as to qualify to reduce both income taxes and payroll taxes.

Self-Employment Tax Planning

Year-end is a great time for solopreneurs, particularly newer solopreneurs, to assess their business structure and retirement plans. Perhaps 2024 is the year to open a Solo 401(k). Often this type of analysis benefits from professional consultations.

FI Tax Guy can be your financial planner! Find out more by visiting mullaneyfinancial.com

Follow me on Twitter at @SeanMoneyandTax

Thoughts on Trump and Taxes

It happened. The frontrunner for the Presidency said “Sure, . . . why not?” when asked if he would eliminate the income tax on the Joe Rogan podcast. Whoa!!!

Okay, let’s calm down. Let’s not plan on never filing a tax return again just yet.

Tax planning is all about probabilities. Over the 2024 presidential campaign, probabilities have shifted. Below I’ll discuss the changing landscape, what it means for how Americans should approach their own planning (at year-end in 2024 and beyond), and a few thoughts on the future of American taxation.

Trump Tax Promises and Trend

Trump has been quite explicit with three individual income tax cut promises during the campaign:

No tax on tips
No tax on Social Security
No tax on overtime

Trump and his campaign have frequently mentioned these. It’s more than fair for the electorate to hold Trump to these promises.

Separately, Trump has been speaking quite fondly of tariffs. He did so during an interview with Dave Ramsey, which caught my attention.

I saw then what has become even clearer thanks to Donald Trump’s answer Joe Rogan’s question: the Trump Era would, to at least some degree, shift America away from income taxes and towards tariffs.

I do not view Trump’s answer to Rogan as a promise. It was one line during a 3 hour interview. It should be taken seriously, not literally. Trump briefly stated it in response to Rogan’s question. Importantly, Trump then went into detail not on eliminating income taxes but rather on his fondness of tariffs.

The above caveats aside, trend here is obvious. Much like with polling, trends matter much more than the top line. I have previously stated that tariffs might become very popular with politicians after Trump’s retirement. Voters don’t file tariff tax returns! That alone indicates future politicians might be more than happy to adopt pro-tariff positions, which could mean less in the way of income taxes.

What this Means for Americans

Does a Joe Rogan episode radically change financial planning for most Americans? No. But considering the odds, I think it, combined with Trump’s other promises, gives us two insights to consider.

2024 Year-End Roth Conversions

First, there is little reason to rush year-end 2024 Roth conversions, particularly before Election Day. The conventional wisdom had been “better do those Roth conversions before taxes go up in 2026!” That conventional wisdom is now out the window.

I generally recommend Roth conversions when they make sense for the individual based on the individual’s circumstances. I don’t recommend Roth conversions based on “conventional wisdom” about tax changes in 2026.

Question Paying Tax to Get Into Roth

I have been fond of traditional retirement account contributions. I didn’t think I would get evidence supporting that view from a Joe Rogan episode, but that’s where we are.

If future income taxes are trending down, why not take the deduction while it is valuable? That’s where we are going into the 2024 Election.

Does this mean we should never go Roth? No! But now we must start to question paying tax to get into Roth.

Please don’t read this to say “oh wow, FI Tax Guy is against Roth.” Far from it! But I must question paying federal income tax in 2024 to get into Roth.

There are times we pay tax to get into a Roth. Contributing to a Roth 401(k) instead of to a traditional 401(k) is paying tax to get into Roth, because we have foregone the tax deduction that we could have received for a traditional 401(k) contribution. Taxable Roth conversions are another time we pay tax to get into a Roth.

There are times we don’t pay tax to get into a Roth. For most people, an annual Roth IRA contribution involves no additional tax, since most Americans do not qualify to deduct contributions to traditional IRAs. Backdoor Roth IRA contributions are the same – there’s no forgone tax deduction. “Taxable” Roth conversions against the standard deduction are another example where there’s no additional federal income tax incurred to get money into a Roth.

To my mind, these “tax free” ways are the best way to get money into Roth accounts, and in this environment should be favored.

My Proposal

Many questions and challenges remain regardless of the outcome of the Election. It remains to be seen how much revenue can be raised by tariffs. The 47th President must prioritize significant cuts to federal spending, particularly foreign military spending. Oh, and the federal government has over $35 trillion of accumulated debt.

We are a long way away from axing the individual income tax. But, perhaps a relatively modest measure could get many Americans there. I propose doubling the standard deduction. The IRS just announced the 2025 standard deduction will be $15,000 for singles and $30,000 for married filing joint couples. Why not double it to $30K for singles and $60K for marrieds?

My proposal achieves some great outcomes. Combined with no taxes on Social Security, a doubled standard deduction would eliminate income taxes for most retired Americans. Trump could say he eliminated millions of tax returns with this one change.

Doubling the standard deduction would be a significant tax cut for millions of working Americans. Further, it would greatly reduce the number of Americans claiming itemized deductions, making the tax code easier to administer for the Internal Revenue Service.

Lastly, a government with $35 trillion plus of debt probably shouldn’t stop taxing the Elon Musks of the world. My proposal keeps taxing him and is no tax cut for him at all (assuming he makes more than $30,000 annually in charitable contributions).

Assuming Congress passes significantly increased tariffs in 2025, I recommend a five year doubling of the standard deduction. That would give the government five years to test out the new system to see if increased tariffs and decreased income taxes, hopefully in concert with significant spending cuts, is successful.

Conclusion

I will cry no tears if the income tax goes away. However, I don’t think we can plan for its demise.

While the income tax is likely here to stay, the trend is becoming obvious. Tariffs are likely on the way up and income taxes are likely on the way down. That informs retirement and tax planning. There’s little reason to rush Roth conversions, and traditional retirement account contributions are more attractive.

Of course, stay tuned. The Election is not over. There are no guarantees as I write this on October 26, 2024. I promise I’ll have plenty of commentary about year-end planning and more after the Election.

FI Tax Guy can be your financial planner! Find out more by visiting mullaneyfinancial.com

Follow me on Twitter at @SeanMoneyandTax

This post is for entertainment and educational purposes only. It does not constitute accounting, financial, legal, or tax advice. Please consult with your advisor(s) regarding your personal accounting, financial, legal, and tax matters. Please also refer to the Disclaimer & Warning section found here.

Using IRAs to Pay Income Taxes In Retirement

It’s the fourth quarter. Now is a great time to check and see if you are on pace to have enough federal and state income tax paid in for 2024.

It happens: people get to the end of the year and see they are severely underwithheld. What do you do in such a situation?

This post explores using IRAs to pay income taxes and explores a novel approach: using a 72(t) payment plan to pay income taxes.

Income Tax Withholding Requirements

Before we discuss curative tactics, let’s briefly review the requirements. In order to avoid an underpayment penalty for 2024, on must pay in, either through withholding (could be W-2 or 1099-R, we’ll come back to that) or quarterly estimated tax payments, either (or both) 90% of the current year’s tax liability or 100% of the prior year’s tax liability. These are the two so-called “safe harbors.” For those with an adjusted gross income of more than $150,000 in the prior year, that 100% safe harbor increases to 110%.

The 100%/110% safe harbor protects the late-in year lottery winner (among others). As long as he or she has withholding or estimated tax payments that meet 100% or 110% (as applicable) safe harbor, he or she can have millions or billions of dollars in income, meet the safe harbor requirements, avoid the underpayment penalty and pay most of the 2024 tax by April 15, 2025.

Estimated tax payments are great, but they require early in the year action not possible in the fourth quarter. To meet the safe harbor, generally one quarter of the total amount due under the safe harbor must be paid by April 15th, June 15th, September 15th, and the following January 15th. That’s great, but for those who didn’t make the first three payments going into the fourth quarter, estimated tax payments may not be all that helpful at this point.

Most states with an income tax have rules that mirror the federal income tax withholding rules, but some states have differences.

The Retiree’s Secret Weapon for Estimated Tax Payments

Retirees have a secret weapon for making income tax payments, particularly late in the year. IRAs!

People miss paying taxes during the year. It happens for a variety of reasons. If I were a retiree and I found myself underpaid for either (or both) federal and state income taxes purposes in the fourth quarter, the first place I would look to make an estimated tax payment would be a traditional IRA.

Why?

Because income tax withheld from a traditional IRA is deemed paid equally to the IRS throughout the year regardless of when the withholding occurs.

IRA owners can initiate a distribution from their traditional IRA and direct that most of it be directed to the IRS and/or the state taxing authority. That withholding is treated as if it is paid equally throughout the year regardless of whether it occurs on January 5th or December 21st.

That’s pretty good! A late in the year IRA distribution withheld to the IRS can meet either (or both) the 90% safe harbor and/or the 100%/110% safe harbor.

The downside is that it creates taxable income. In many cases, it turns out retirees are rather lightly taxed. As long as the retiree had a relatively low income tax burden either last year or this year, the taxable withdrawal won’t be a large number, because the applicable required safe harbor withholding will be modest. Thus, the tax hit on the mostly withheld distribution should be rather modest.

Another advantage of using a traditional IRA to pay income taxes is RMD mitigation. While I believe the concerns around RMDs are wildly overstated, RMD mitigation is a perfectly valid financial planning objective and a good outcome.

Using an IRA to Pay Income Taxes Under Age 59 ½

You may now be thinking “Sean, that’s a great idea for those over age 59 ½. But what if I’m under age 59 ½? Won’t I be subject to the 10% early withdrawal penalty on the amount I fork over to the IRS?”

That’s an excellent thought! Fortunately, the answer to your questions is “maybe.”

The IRS maintains a list of exceptions to the 10% early withdrawal penalty. Many will not be applicable to most retirees. But there are some options–let’s explore two of them: Inherited IRAs and 72(t) payment plans.

Inherited IRAs

Beneficiaries of inherited IRAs never pay the 10% early withdrawal penalty with respect to distributions from their “inherited IRAs.” Thus, the inherited IRA is a great place to look to pay taxes from late in the year.

The only downside is the distribution to the IRS or the state taxing authority is itself taxable to the beneficiary. However, the money in the inherited IRA has to come out eventually (usually under the 10 year rule at a minimum), so why not whittle the traditional IRA down by using it to pay income taxes and avoid an underpayment penalty?

72(t) Payment Plan to Pay Income Taxes

Could someone start a 72(t) payment plan to pay required income taxes? Absolutely, in my opinion. It might even be a good idea!

72(t) Payment to Pay Income Taxes Example

Homer and Marge both turned age 56 in the year 2024. They retired early in 2023 and thus had some W-2 income and some investment income in 2023. They had approximately $120K of adjusted gross income in 2023 and thus paid approximately $8,800 of federal income taxes in 2023 (see Form 1040 line 24 less most tax credits — see the comment below) and $2,000 of California income taxes in 2023.

In 2024 they have ordinary income below the standard deduction and taxable income below the top of the 12% federal income tax bracket. Thus, they owe no federal income tax and a very small amount of California income tax for 2024. They’ve made no estimated tax payments.

In August 2024 they decided to sell their Bay Area home worth $2M to move to a more rural part of California. The sale closed in October 2024 and they had a $500,000 basis in the home. Qualifying for the $500K exclusion, this triggers a $1M taxable long term capital gain to Homer and Marge in 2024. D’oh!

Very, very roughly, the capital gain creates approximately $175K of federal income tax, $30K of federal net investment income tax, and $100K of California income tax. Note also that the proceeds from the home sale are likely to cause some taxable income in December 2024, but let’s just use the above three tax numbers for illustrative purposes only.

One of their other assets is a $2M traditional IRA. They have no inherited retirement accounts but they do have some taxable brokerage accounts. To my mind, there are four main ways Homer and Marge can avoid an underpayment penalty.

Option 1: Q4 Estimated Tax Payments

Homer and Marge could make substantial fourth quarter estimated tax payments out of their taxable brokerage accounts by January 15, 2025. They would owe 90% their entire 2024 tax liability at that time and would need to use annualization on the Form 2210 to avoid an underpayment penalty.

Compared to the other three methods described below, this costs them 3 months of interest on about $275K. In today’s interest rate environment, that is about $2,700 of interest in an online FDIC insured savings account.

Option 2: IRA Regular Distribution

Homer and Marge could, no later than December 31st, trigger a distribution from one of their traditional IRAs, say for $11,100. They could direct the institution to send $8,880 (80%) to the IRS, $2,109 (19%) to the California Franchise Tax Board, and $111 (1%) to themselves (the intuition will likely require they take at least 1% of the distribution). This creates $11,100 more taxable income (taxed at a low federal rate due to income stacking).

The advantage is this qualifies for the safe harbor, meaning Homer and Marge don’t have to pay most of their 2024 income tax until April 15, 2024. The downside to this is it triggers a 10% early withdrawal penalty ($1,110) payable to the IRS and a 2.5% early withdrawal penalty ($278) payable to California.

Option 3: IRA Regular Distribution and Rollover

This option is the IRA Regular Distribution option plus refunding the $11,100 traditional IRA distribution to the traditional IRA from their taxable accounts within 60 days. This has all the same advantages as the IRA Regular Distribution option plus it reduces 2024 taxable income by $11,100 and avoids the early withdrawal penalties.

Gold, right? My view: I tend to disfavor this tactic. Why? Americans are limited to one 60 day rollover from an IRA to an IRA every 12 months. My personal opinion is that pre-age 59 ½ retirees are usually better served to keep that option on the table. You never know when a significant sum will pop out of a traditional IRA. It will be good to have the option to put that money back into the traditional IRA. If Homer and Marge do the $11,100 IRA Regular Distribution and Rollover, they are locked out from the ability to do a 60 day IRA to IRA rollover for the next 12 months.

Option 4: 72(t) Payment Plan

This option is simply the IRA Regular Distribution option as part of a 72(t) payment plan. The advantage of adding the 72(t) payment plan is avoiding the 10% early withdrawal penalty (federal) and the 2.5% early withdrawal penalty (California).

Here’s how it works. Before making the $11,100 IRA withdrawal, Homer and Marge do a 72(t) distribution calculation and have their financial institution set up a $172,116.10 72(t) IRA. Here is the 72(t) fixed amortization calculation:

Item	Amount	Source
Interest Rate	5.00%	Notice 2022-6
Single Life Expectancy Years at Age 56	30.6	IRS Single Life Table
Account Balance	$172,116.10
Annual Payment	$11,100.00

Homer and Marge then take the distribution from the 72(t) IRA prior to the end of 2024, directing 80% to the IRS and 19% to the Franchise Tax Board.

You say, but wait a minute, now they have $11,100 they have to take annually for each of the following four years. I say, well, okay, they have $2M in tax deferred accounts, why not take some of that without a penalty (perhaps as a form of the “Hidden Roth IRA”) and whittle down future RMDs a bit?

That said, Homer and Marge can drastically reduce the annual 72(t) payment if they want with a one-time change to the RMD method. Assuming the 72(t) balance on December 31, 2024 is $164,000, here’s what the 2025 taxable RMD from the 72(t) could look like:

Item	Amount	Source
Account Balance	$164,000
Single Life Expectancy Years at Age 57	41.6	Notice 2022-6 Uniform Life Table
2025 Payment	$3,942.31

One would hardly expect that $4,000 of taxable income would derail Homer and Marge’s tax planning in retirement. Further, they can direct most of that $4,000 to the IRS and Franchise Tax Board to help take care of 2025 tax liabilities, if any.

Conclusion

For those under age 59 ½, a 72(t) payment plan might be the answer to an underpayment of estimated taxes problem. It is a bit of an “out of the box” solution, but it has several advantages. It allows some taxpayers to delay paying significant amounts of tax until April 15th of the following year by qualifying the taxpayer for the 100% of prior year tax safe harbor. Second, it avoids the 10% early withdrawal penalty. Third, it avoids the once-every-twelve-months 60 day rollover rule. Lastly, a 72(t) payment plan is rather flexible and the required taxable distribution in future years can be significantly reduced by a one-time switch to the RMD method.

The above said, the first IRA I would look to if I was under age 59 ½ and looking to pay estimated taxes is an inherited IRA. Those are never subject to the early withdrawal penalty and can always be accessed in a flexible manner.

FI Tax Guy can be your financial planner! Find out more by visiting mullaneyfinancial.com

Follow me on X: @SeanMoneyandTax

This post is for entertainment and educational purposes only. It does not constitute accounting, financial, investment, legal, or tax advice. Please consult with your advisor(s) regarding your personal accounting, financial, investment, legal, and tax matters.Please also refer to the Disclaimer & Warning section found here.

Inherited Retirement Account Rules Need Radical Reform

My hope is that 2025 ushers in an era of simplification when it comes to all federal laws. Justice Neil Gorsuch co-wrote a book arguing we have far too many laws, and I agree with him. The more numerous the laws, the more corrupt the state.

One area that is insanely and needlessly complicated is the inherited retirement account rules. What happens when someone inherits a traditional IRA, Roth IRA, and/or qualified workplace retirement account? It depends on far too many factors and there are far too many potential outcomes! As just one example, financial planner Jeffrey Levine came up with a flow chart of possible outcomes when a successor beneficiary inherits a retirement account.

That Mr. Levine could come up with such a flow chart is an absolute disgrace (to the government, not to Mr. Levine).

Complexity in our tax and retirement account laws shifts power away from ordinary Americans towards lawyers, accountants, advisors (such as me), and the IRS. Let’s shift some power back to ordinary Americans!

It’s time to radically simplify and reform the inherited retirement account rules.

Current Inherited Retirement Account Rules

Upon the death of the owner of an IRA or qualified plan, the following are potential outcomes in terms of potential inherited retirement account distribution rules:

Spousal Rollover
Required Minimum Distributions (“RMDs”)
10 Year Rule
10 Year Rule with RMDs
5 Year Rule

Woah! That there are so many possible outcomes, which require significant analysis to determine, is absolutely ridiculous and an unnecessary burden on American taxpayers.

Proposed Inherited Retirement Account Reform

I propose that the current voluminous, complicated inherited retirement account rules be scrapped. They should be replaced by the following simple rules, all effective January 1, 2025 unless otherwise noted.

At the decedent spouse’s death, any retirement account left to a spouse becomes the surviving spouse’s retirement account in the surviving spouse’s own name automatically and immediately upon death.

All other beneficiaries inherit an inherited retirement account which must be emptied within 10 full years following the owner’s death with no RMDs in years 1 through 9.

The death of a spouse entitles the surviving spouse to a permanent exception to the Section 72(t) 10 percent early withdrawal penalty with respect to distributions from any retirement account.
- This applies even if the widow/widower remarries.
- For fairness and simplicity, this applies even if the spouse died prior to 2025.

Any inherited retirement account a widow or widower treats as an inherited retirement account instead of a spousal rollover account as of the end of 2024 automatically becomes the surviving spouse’s own retirement account in their own name as of January 1, 2025.

The death of the beneficiary of an inherited retirement account does not change the clock. Successor beneficiaries must empty the inherited retirement account by the end of the 10th full calendar year following the original owner’s death.

Existing inherited retirement accounts (as of the end of 2024) are no longer subject to both the 10 year rule and RMDs. For 2025 and beyond, such accounts are subject to only the 10 year rule.

For fairness and simplicity, any retirement account inherited prior to 2025 subject to a 5 year rule will switch to the 10 year rule (measured as of the owner’s date of death).

Reset Day for Inherited Retirement Accounts Subject to an RMD in 2025: If the original owner died in 2024 or earlier and the inherited retirement account is subject to only an RMD in the year 2025 (under any of the old rules), the inherited account will become subject to the 10 year rule, and no longer be subject to RMDs (both as of 2026), as if the original owner died on December 31, 2025.
- The 2025 New Year’s Eve Reset Day applies to both beneficiaries and successor beneficiaries, including those who become successor beneficiaries during 2025.

Simplification

After my proposed reform, there will be two and only two potential treatments for an inherited retirement account: spousal rollovers for spouses and the 10 year rule for everyone else. Note: It takes 8 rules to get to a 2 rule system because in order to get to a 2 rule system there needs to be rules to account for the transition from a very complex system to an understandable system.

Replacing the existing rules with the above 2 rule system would significantly reduce the amount of federal regulations and reduce complexity. Congress stumbled into a great inherited retirement account rule in the SECURE Act: the 10 year rule. It’s time to make that the rule for all inherited retirement accounts except spousal rollovers.

Rules 4, 7, and 8 are simplification and consistency measures. They logically transition the inherited retirement accounts rules to a single, uniform system with only two outcomes: a spousal rollover or the 10 year rule.

Rapid Transition

I propose a rapid, though not overnight, transition to a uniform system. Assuming a bill is passed in early to mid-2025, 2025 can be a transition year and then by New Year’s Day 2026 all inherited retirement accounts would be on the new system, meaning all inherited retirement accounts, regardless of when inherited, would be subject to only one of two rules as of New Year’s Day 2026.

Protecting Young Widows and Widowers

Rule 3 is needed to avoid reform harming pre-age 59 ½ widows and widowers. Under today’s rules, surviving spouses can elect to treat a spouse’s retirement account as an “inherited” account instead of doing a spousal rollover. That inherited treatment avoids the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty on pre-age 59 ½ distributions.

If pre-age 59 ½ widows/widowers must do a spousal rollover (as I propose), they would be subject to the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty if they took taxable distributions prior to their 59 1/2th birthday. To avoid that outcome, why not make becoming a widow/widower an automatic, permanent exception to the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty?

Transition Entirely to a New Uniform System

Reform should clean the slate of complexity. Without rules 4, 7, and 8, there would be separate systems of rules for retirement accounts inherited prior to 2025 and those inherited in 2025 or later. There’s no need for two separate systems of rules. These three rules make the rules simple for all inherited retirement accounts going forward.

A Small Net Tax Increase

Rule 8 is a modest tax increase, mostly falling on the wealthiest Americans. Considering the hope that 2025 will bring some popular tax cuts, such as eliminating taxes on tips and Social Security, it is good to have at least some logical tax increases in 2025 that would not significantly impact ordinary Americans. Note also that rules 2 and 5 are also likely to be small tax increases while rules 3 and 7 are likely to be small tax cuts.

Regardless of the likely very modest net tax effect, the simplicity brought by this new system would greatly benefit the administration of the tax rules and ordinary Americans.

Rule 8 Transition Examples

Rule 8, eliminating inherited retirement account RMDs and switching to a 10 year rule as of 2026, is key to transitioning old inherited retirement accounts to the new, uniform system for taxing inherited retirement accounts. Here are three examples of how it would work.

Example 1: In 2017 Jock died and left his $1M traditional IRA to his son JR. JR, 23 years younger than Jock, turned 40 in 2017. JR started taking traditional IRA RMDs based on the IRS Single Life Table in 2018. In 2022 he redetermined the RMD factor such that by 2025 the factor was 37.8 (start with 44.8 for 2018 theoretically, subtract one annually to get down to 37.8 for 2025). For 2025, JR must take his RMD under the old rules (which still apply) by dividing the inherited traditional IRA 12/31/2024 balance by 37.8 and taking that amount by December 31, 2025. In 2026 JR becomes subject to the 10 year rule by Jock’s deemed death on December 31, 2025. Thus, JR has until the end of 2035 to empty the inherited traditional IRA. He has no RMDs other than in 2035 (the entire remaining balance).

Example 2: In 2022 Huey died and left his $1M traditional IRA to his brother Earl. Earl, two years younger than Huey, turned 66 in 2022. Earl, an “eligible designated beneficiary” under the SECURE Act, started taking inherited traditional IRA RMDs based on the IRS Single Life Table in 2023. For 2025, Earl must take his RMD under the old rules (which still apply) by dividing the inherited traditional IRA 12/31/2024 balance by 19.2 and taking that amount by December 31, 2025. In 2026 Earl becomes subject to the 10 year rule by Huey’s deemed death on December 31, 2025. Thus, Earl has until the end of 2035 to empty the inherited traditional IRA. He has no RMDs other than in 2035 (the entire remaining balance).

Example 3: In 2017 Al died and left his $1M traditional IRA to his son Barry. Barry has taken RMDs annually. During 2025 Barry dies and Carl becomes the successor beneficiary. In 2026 Carl becomes subject to the 10 year rule (as Al is deemed to have died December 31, 2025) and Carl has until the end of 2035 to empty the inherited traditional IRA. He has no RMDs other than in 2035 (the entire remaining balance).

Conclusion

The inherited retirement account rules are mindlessly and needlessly complicated. The complexity creates confusion shortly after the death of a loved one. Enough is enough!

It’s time for greatly simplified inherited retirement account rules. That simplifying these rules might help fund popular tax cuts such as eliminating taxes on tips and Social Security is the cherry on top of a great tax reform proposal.

Follow me on X at @SeanMoneyandTax

Note that a version of this proposal will be posted to the crowd sourced policy website PoliciesforPeople.com. The views reflected in this post are only those of the author, Sean Mullaney, and are not the views of anyone else.

72(t) Payment Plan With a 401(k)

I’ve talked about what I refer to as a “72(t) IRA” both here on the blog and on my YouTube channel.

What I haven’t talked much about, until now, is a 72(t) payment plan coming out of a 401(k). Is it possible? Does it make sense?

Inspired by a comment on a recent video, I’m breaking down taking 72(t) payments from a 401(k) in this post. As you will see, when compared with the 72(t) IRA, the 72(t) 401(k) has significant disadvantages.

401(k) Plan Rules

Can you do a 72(t) out of your 401(k)? The answer is “maybe.” Qualified plans, including 401(k)s, have all sorts of unique rules. They vary plan to plan.

There’s no guarantee that you can access partial withdrawals from a 401(k) in accordance with a 72(t) payment plan after a separation from service.

By contrast, IRAs allow for easily accessible partial withdrawals regardless of age.

Must Separate From Service

There’s a tax rule to consider: one can only do a 72(t) payment plan from a 401(k) or other qualified plan after a separation from service from the employer.

From a planning perspective, this is not much of an issue. Few would want to do a 72(t) payment plan while still working, as taxable withdrawals from a 401(k) are not ideal if one still has significant W-2 income hitting their tax return.

72(t) Account Size

According to Notice 2022-6, the 72(t) account balance for the fixed amortization calculation must be determined in a reasonable manner. See Section 3.02(d). The Notice goes on to state that using a balance of the account from December 31st of the prior year through the date of the first 72(t) distribution is reasonable. One should document, usually with an account statement, the balance they are using to have in case the IRS ever examines the 72(t) payment.

Account size is one area where a 72(t) IRA is generally preferable to a 72(t) 401(k). As Natalie Choate observes in her classic Life and Death Planning for Retirement Benefits (8th Ed. 2019), an IRA can be sliced and diced into two or more IRAs, allowing one to take a 72(t) payment from a smaller IRA and remain flexible, in part through having a non-72(t) IRA as well. This flexibility is generally not possible with a 401(k) or other qualified plan. See Choate, page 595. That means without a transfer to an IRA first, the 401(k) account holder is generally stuck with an account size for the fixed amortization calculation, other than the bit of wiggle room given by Notice 2022-6 Section 3.02(d). Further, the entire account is subject to the locked 72(t) cage.

72(t) Locked Cage

A 72(t) 401(k) is entirely subject to the many restrictions on 72(t) retirement accounts. When one uses a 72(t) IRA, they often can have a 72(t) IRA and a non-72(t) IRA. This means less of their retirement account portfolio is subject to the 72(t) rules “locking the cage.” For example, the non-72(t) IRA can be used to accept other IRA roll-ins.

72(t) 401(k) Example

An example can illustrate the problems involved in using a 72(t) 401(k) instead of a 72(t) IRA.

Bob wants to retire early in 2024 at age 53. He has some rental real estate that will generate $40,000 of positive cash flow annually and needs $50,000 more annually from his retirement account to support his lifestyle. He has a $2,000,000 401(k) at his current employer. He sets up a 72(t) 401(k) instead of rolling out to a traditional IRA and establishing a non-72(t) IRA and a 72(t) IRA.

Size: $2,000,000

Life Expectancy: 33.4 (see the IRS Single Life Table)

Payment: $50,000

Solving for interest rate, we get an interest rate of -1.015124%.

Notice that in order to generate a $50K annual payment out of a $2M 401(k), Bob must use a negative interest rate. Bob can’t simply ask his 401(k) administrator to establish two separate 401(k) accounts for him and then use a positive interest rate for the 72(t) payment plan.

72(t) Negative Interest Rate

This raises an issue: can a taxpayer use a negative interest rate for a 72(t) payment plan under the fixed amortization method? I believe the answer is Yes. Notice 2022-6 Section 3.02(c) allows an interest rate “that is not more than the greater of (i) 5% or (ii) 120% of the federal mid-term rate (determined in accordance with section 1274(d) for either of the two months immediately preceding the month in which the distribution begins)” (emphasis added).

In my opinion, that wording in no way precludes using a negative interest rate for a 72(t) payment plan. Further, I see no compelling reason for the IRS to be concerned about using a negative interest rate. That said, there is at least some uncertainty around the issue.

The issue is entirely avoided if Bob rolled out to a traditional IRA and then split that traditional IRA into two IRAs. He could have a 72(t) IRA of about $804K generating an annual $50K payment (using a 5% interest rate) and a non-72(t) IRA of about $1.196M. From a planning perspective, it’s certainly my preference to avoid the issue by using the 72(t) IRA.

72(t) Structuring Alternative

As a structuring alternative that might be available to Bob (depending on the plan’s rules), Bob could roll the $804K out to a traditional IRA and use that as a 72(t) IRA. He could keep the balance inside his 401(k) and effectively use his 401(k) as what I refer to as the “non-72(t) IRA.” This sort of structuring was discussed on the Forget About Money podcast (timestamped here).

Decreasing the 72(t) Payment

What if Bob wants to reduce his 72(t) 401(k) annual payment (perhaps because he inherits a significant traditional IRA)? Bob can do a one-time change to the RMD method, which is the primary method of reducing the annual taxable 72(t) payment.

Unfortunately, using a 72(t) 401(k) boxed Bob into a bad corner. Say Bob is age 57 and the 72(t) 401(k) is still worth exactly $2M. He could use the age 57 factor from the Notice 2022-6 Uniform Life Table (41.6) and reduce his annual payment to $48,077. Not much of a reduction from his $50,000 required annual payment.

Had he used a 72(t) IRA/non-72(t) IRA structure instead, and the 72(t) IRA was worth $804K, he could reduce his $50,000 annual payment all the way down to $19,327.

For those looking for protection against significant tax in the event of an inheritance or other income producing event, the 72(t) IRA is preferable to the 72(t) 401(k).

Increasing the 72(t) Payment

But maybe Bob wants to increase his 72(t) annual payment from $50,000 to $60,000 at age 57. For those with a non-72(t) IRA, this is easy: simply slice and dice that non-72(t) IRA into two IRAs, one of which is a small new 72(t) IRA supporting the additional $10,000 annual 72(t) payment.

What if Bob has a 72(t) 401(k)? I believe that establishing a second 72(t) payment from his 72(t) 401(k) would blow up his existing 72(t) payment plan. The second 72(t) payment would be an impermissible modification of the original 72(t) payment plan, triggering the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty and interest charges with respect to all prior distributions.

I am uncomfortable with any modification to a 72(t) retirement account unless it is specifically allowed by IRS guidance such as Notice 2022-6, and I see no evidence that a second 72(t) payment plan out of the same retirement account is permissible. Natalie Choate is also of the opinion that taking a second 72(t) payment from an existing 72(t) account is an impermissible modification of the first 72(t) payment plan. See Choate, page 594. See also IRS Q&A 9 (nonbinding), allowing a new 72(t) payment plan from the retirement account only after the taxpayer has blown up their original 72(t) payment plan.

That said, there is a single 2009 Tax Court case, Benz v. Commissioner, that gives the slightest glimmer of hope. In that case an additional distribution from a 72(t) IRA excepted from the 10% early withdrawal penalty as being for higher education expenses did not blow up an existing 72(t) payment plan, because the additional distribution itself qualified for a 10 percent early withdrawal penalty exception under Section 72(t)(2)(E).

It’s likely a stretch to apply Benz to a second 72(t) payment plan from the same retirement account. That said, I don’t believe it is an impossible outcome. But note that Benz is a single 15 year old court case binding neither on any federal district court nor on any federal appellate court. Further, the IRS never acquiesced to the decision in Benz, meaning they may still disagree with it. Even if the IRS now agrees with Benz they (and more importantly, a court) may not believe the logic of Benz goes so far as to allow a second 72(t) payment plan from the same retirement account.

Asset Protection

Depending on the circumstances and on the state, it can be true that IRAs offer materially less creditor protection than 401(k)s and other qualified plans. That could be a reason to use a 72(t) 401(k) instead of a 72(t) IRA.

I believe that, as a practical matter, sufficient personal liability umbrella insurance, which tends to be affordable, can adequately fill-in gaps between IRA and 401(k) creditor protection. Of course, everyone needs to do their own analysis, possibly in consultation with their lawyers and/or insurance professionals, as to the adequacy of their creditor protection arrangements.

72(t) Payment Plan Resources

72(t) payment plans are complex. Here are some resources from me and other content creators for your consideration:

Retire on 72(t) Payments

Tax Basketing for 72(t) Payment Plan

IRS 72(t) Questions and Answers

Jeffrey Levine Strategies For Maximizing (Or Minimizing!) Rule 72(t) Early Distribution Payments Using IRS Notice 2022-6

Denise Appleby Watch this before starting a Substantially Equal Periodic Payment – SEPP 72t program

Natalie B. Choate Life and Death Planning for Retirement Benefits (8th Ed. 2019), particularly pages 582 to 605.

Florida Retirement System 72(t) Calculator (not validated by me).

The 72(t) is far from the only option available for those looking to retire prior to age 59 ½.

Conclusion

The 72(t) 401(k) is a possibility if one’s 401(k) plan allows it. I usually strongly disfavor doing a 72(t) payment plan out of a 401(k) considering how rigid it is compared to the 72(t) IRA alternative. Further, as discussed above, 72(t) 401(k)s can create situations where the tax law has not, to my knowledge, definitely stated the governing rules. For these reasons, I generally favor using 72(t) IRAs in conjunction with non-72(t) IRAs instead of the more inflexible 72(t) 401(k).

FI Tax Guy can be your financial planner! Find out more by visiting mullaneyfinancial.com

Follow me on Twitter: @SeanMoneyandTax

The Church IRA

“Repay to Caesar what belongs to Caesar and to God what belongs to God.” – Matthew 22:21

What happens with our IRAs and other retirement accounts when we die? Early in our financial journeys, it is incredibly important to plan for our retirement accounts to take care of our loved ones, particularly spouses and younger children. Those concerns should be the primary drivers of the planning for our retirement accounts early on.

But what about later in our lives, when our financial futures are secured and our children are adults?

I believe it is time to be intentional about the destination of our tax deferred retirement accounts. It’s great to provide for adult children. But how much? And couldn’t retirement accounts help better the world? As discussed below, the Church IRA is a way to give wealth to adult children and to the Church.

The Origins of an Idea

In August 2023 the combination of a West Coast hurricane and the Podcast Movement conference resulted in my flying to Denver, Colorado on a Saturday to ensure I could attend the conference. As a result, I attended Sunday Mass far from home at St. Gianna Beretta Molla Church in Denver. At that Mass, the homilist, Deacon Steve Stemper, had an idea that spoke to me: treat the Church as one of your children in your estate plans.

The Church IRA

As frequent readers of the blog know, I’m quite interested in tax-advantaged retirement accounts. The idea to treat the Church as one of your children in your estate strikes me as particularly well suited for traditional IRAs.

Let’s illustrate with an example:

Chuck and Joy are married and both are 85 years old. They have a $3M traditional IRA in Chuck’s name, and they have three adult sons: Abe, Barry, and Charlie, in their late 50s and early 60s.

Obviously, if Chuck dies, Joy needs support. Why not name Joy as the primary beneficiary of the traditional IRA? That leaves a remaining question: who should be the secondary beneficiaries?

Each of Abe, Barry, and Charlie could be a one-third secondary beneficiary. At the second death, they would get about $1M each. What if instead Chuck names each of Abe, Barry, and Charlie one-quarter secondary beneficiaries (about $750K each) and names his Catholic parish or diocese as a one-quarter secondary beneficiary (also about $750K)?

This is the beginning of what I refer to as the Church IRA.

How much different will Abe, Barry, and Charlie’s lived experience be by inheriting a $750K traditional IRA instead of a $1M traditional IRA?

Further, the “hit” to Abe, Barry, and Charlie is likely to be less than a 25% reduction. Why? Because of taxes!

Each of Abe, Barry, and Charlie will have 10 years to drain the inherited IRA. Odds are they will want to take more than 10% per year from the IRA to manage a potential “Year 10 Tax Time Bomb.” Say Abe is single and otherwise has annual income of $150,000.

If Abe takes 12.5% of the account in the first full year after death, he takes $125,000 if he inherits a $1M traditional IRA. Assuming he takes the standard deduction, Abe will be in the 35% marginal tax bracket.

If, instead, Abe inherits a $750K traditional IRA, he only takes $93,750 in the first year. With the other $150K of AGI, Abe will find himself in the 32% marginal tax bracket.

The $31,250 that the Church IRA costs Abe during the year would have been taxed at 32% and 35% federal income tax rates. This illustrates that reducing Abe’s inherited IRA by 25% is not likely to cost him 25% of the after-tax wealth since it is likely he would pay a significantly higher tax rate on those last dollars.

You could say Chuck and Joy “took” money from Abe, Barry, and Charlie by employing the Church IRA. The money they took from Abe, Barry, and Chuck and gave to the Church is the highest taxed money, making the Church IRA tax efficient.

The Church IRA and the Owner’s Needs

One of the advantages of the Church IRA is it need not risk the owners’ own retirement sufficiency. Joy has a legitimate interest in her own financial future. The initial Church IRA structure has the advantage of reducing Chuck and Joy’s ability to fund the remainder of their own lives in no way. The Church gets money only after they have both passed.

Church IRA Implementation

To my mind, the biggest question here is whether to create the Church IRA during our lives or at death. In Chuck and Joy’s case, assuming they want to, at a minimum, employ the Church IRA at death, there are three options:

PATH ONE: Keep everything in a single IRA during their lifetimes. Have the four equal secondary beneficiaries.

PATH TWO: Split the single IRA into four IRAs, each with its own 100% secondary beneficiary (Abe, Barry, Charlie, and the Church IRA)

PATH THREE: Split the single IRA into two IRAs (one worth $2.25M with Abe, Barry, and Charlie as the secondary beneficiaries and a second IRA worth $750K with the Catholic Church as the sole secondary beneficiary).

One of the advantages of the second and third paths is the Church IRA can serve additional purposes. One additional Church IRA purpose is that it be used during Chuck and Joy’s lifetimes to make their routine contributions to the Church (whether that be weekly or monthly). Those contributions can be made through qualified charitable distributions (“QCDs”).

QCDs are a great tax planning tactic during one’s own lifetime for the charitably inclined. They get money out of a traditional IRA tax-free and count against required minimum distributions (“RMDs”).

Regardless of the chosen path, the Church IRA can also be used during Chuck and Joy’s lifetime to help them fund their own living expenses.

We see that the Church IRA can be simply used at death through beneficiary designation forms. Or the Church IRA can also work during one’s own life to either or both (i) provide for routine lifetime Church donations (preferably through QCDs) and (ii) provide for the owner’s own living expenses.

Splitting IRAs

IRA owners can work with their financial institution to split an existing IRA into two or more IRAs. This can be done for any reason. Perhaps it’s simply for mental accounting to facilitate a Church IRA like the one in Paths Two and Three described above.

One does not need to split IRAs to facilitate the Church IRA (see Path One above). But there can be simplicity advantages to having each beneficiary have their own separate and distinct IRA they inherit separate from other siblings and/or the Church.

RMDs from Split IRAs

Here the tax rules are quite flexible. The tax rules treat all of one’s traditional IRAs as a single traditional IRA for RMD purposes. So Chuck and Joy would have tremendous flexibility in terms of which IRA or IRAs to take their overall RMD for the year from. They could take the RMD from the Church IRA or from one or more of the non-Church IRAs, or they can split it among their various IRAs however they want to.

Changing Beneficiaries at the First Death

In Chuck and Joy’s situation, there is an important additional consideration. What if Chuck dies first? Joy would inherit the traditional IRA. She would then need to work with the financial institution to appropriately roll the inherited IRA into an IRA into her own IRA.

From there, she should name primary beneficiaries in accord with her Church IRA intention. She has the three paths described above as possibilities for structuring her Church IRA.

Roth Versus Traditional

Absent incredibly rare circumstances, the Church IRA should be a traditional IRA. Roths are tax-free to individual beneficiaries. Traditional IRAs are taxable to individual beneficiaries. If your adult children are getting some and the Church is getting some, why not leave Roths to the adult children and some or all of the traditional IRAs to the Church?

The adult children pay income tax and the Church does not. Why waste the tax-free attribute of the Roth on a tax-free entity, the Church? The Church does not benefit from Roth treatment while the adult children do.

Perhaps the beneficiary designation forms split the Roth IRA only among the adult children and split the traditional IRA among the adult children and the Church, and leave a greater percentage of the traditional IRA to the Church.

Conclusion

The Church IRA can flexibly leave a share of one’s financial wealth to the Church or other 501(c)(3) charity. It can help us repay to God what is God’s while reducing what is owed to Caesar.

To determine whether the Church IRA is appropriate for us, we need to ask ourselves several questions. How much do my adult children need? Should I leave a significant amount to my Church or other charities? Are there tax-efficient ways to provide for both the Church and my adult children?

FI Tax Guy can be your financial planner! Find out more by visiting mullaneyfinancial.com

Follow me on Twitter: @SeanMoneyandTax

This post is for entertainment and educational purposes only. It does not constitute accounting, financial, investment, legal, or tax advice. Please consult with your advisor(s) regarding your personal accounting, financial, investment, legal, and tax matters. Please also refer to the Disclaimer & Warning section found here.

SECURE 2.0 and Section 72(t) Comment Letter

Recently, the IRS and Treasury issued Notice 2024-55. This notice provided initial rules for SECURE 2.0 emergency personal expense distributions (“EPEDs”), domestic abuse victim distributions, and repayments into retirement accounts. The Notice also asked for comments on the above and on Section 72(t) in general.

I wrote a comment letter (which you can read here) to the IRS and Treasury obliging that request. The letter addresses EPEDs, repayments into retirement accounts, and the impact of Texas v. Garland on SECURE 2.0. Further, the comment letter requests clarification that Solo 401(k)s of retired solopreneurs qualify for the Rule of 55 exception to the Section 72(t) ten percent early withdrawal penalty.

Follow me on X: @SeanMoneyandTax

This post (and the linked-to comment letter) is for entertainment and educational purposes only. They do not constitute accounting, financial, investment, legal, or tax advice for you or any other individual. Please consult with your advisor(s) regarding your personal accounting, financial, investment, legal, and tax matters. Please also refer to the Disclaimer & Warning section found here.

Roth 401(k)s and the Rule of 55

We live in a world where two things are true. First, more investors are using the Roth 401(k) to save and invest for retirement. Second, as demonstrated by the strength of the financial independence movement, many are interested in retiring early by conventional standards.

Some potential “early” retirees are thinking about the so-called “Rule of 55” and many of them have Roth 401(k)s.

How does the Roth 401(k) work with the Rule of 55? Is there a better option than the Rule of 55 for those looking to retire using in part or in whole a Roth 401(k) prior to turning age 59 ½?

We will explore both the Roth 401(k) and the Rule of 55, then we will discuss planning involving the potential combination of the Roth 401(k) and the Rule of 55. We will also discuss a planning alternative to combining the Roth 401(k) with the Rule of 55.

Roth 401(k)

The Roth 401(k) is a 401(k) that is taxed as a Roth. Employers offering a 401(k) are not required to offer a Roth 401(k) option, but many do.

Roth 401(k) Contributions

There are now three main potential sources of “Roth contributions” to a Roth 401(k).

Employee Deferrals: In 2024, these are limited to the lesser of earned income or $23,000 ($30,000 if age 50 or older). These are done through W-2 withholding into the Roth 401(k).
Mega Backdoor Roth: These are after-tax contributions by the employee (also through W-2 withholding) to the traditional 401(k) followed by a soon-in-time Roth conversion of the after-tax 401(k) amount to the Roth 401(k).
Employer Contributions: Employers contribute to 401(k)s. SECURE 2.0 allows for employers to contribute to Roth 401(k)s. Traditionally, employer contributions had always been to the traditional 401(k), but SECURE 2.0 established the possibility of Roth 401(k) employer contributions. Note that a February 2024 federal court decision has called SECURE 2.0 into question.

There’s a limit on the combination of 1 plus 2 plus 3. I refer to this limit as the “all additions limit” and some refer to it as the “415(c)” limit, as that’s where the limit lives in the Internal Revenue Code. For 2024, the all additions limit is $69,000. For those aged 50 or older, it is $76,500.

Note that Roth IRAs cannot be rolled over to a Roth 401(k).

There’s a fourth potential source of Roth 401(k) funds: Taxable conversions from traditional 401(k)s. Taxable Roth conversions (traditional 401(k) to Roth 401(k)) have no limit. These are usually not done during one’s working years.

Roth 401(k) Withdrawals

If “done right” a Roth 401(k) withdrawal in retirement is fully tax and penalty free.

However, if a distribution from a Roth 401(k) occurs before either (or both) the account owner is 59 ½ years old or the owner has owned that particular Roth 401(k) for five years, the “earnings” portion of the distribution is subject to ordinary income tax and the potential 10 percent early withdrawal penalty.

Here’s a quick example illustrating that rule:

Ken is age 53. He’s early retired. At a time when his Roth 401(k) is worth $200,000 and he’s previously contributed $100,000 to it, Ken takes a $50,000 distribution from the Roth 401(k) to help fund his retirement. Fifty percent of the distribution ($25,000) is a return of Ken’s previous contributions and fully tax and penalty free. The other fifty percent of the distribution ($25,000) is earnings and since Ken is under age 59 ½ will be taxable to Ken and subject to the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty.

Rule of 55

The Rule of 55 is an exception to the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty. It applies to a specific employer’s qualified plan, such as a 401(k). It applies distributions from an employer’s qualified plan if

The qualified plan account owner separated from service from the employer no earlier than the beginning of his or her age 55 birthday year, and
The distribution occurs after the separation from service.

Here is an example:

Rob was born on June 7, 1969. On January 16, 2024, Rob retired from Acme Industries. 2024 is Rob’s 55th birthday year. Any distribution occurring after January 16, 2024 from the Acme Industries 401(k) to Rob qualifies for the Rule of 55 exception to the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty.

Note that a transfer from the former employer’s qualified plan to an IRA blows qualification for the Rule of 55. Distributions from an IRA are not distributions from the employer’s qualified plan. Further, the Rule of 55 applies only to the particular employer’s plan. If Rob had separated from Consolidated Industries at age 52 and still had a 401(k) there, distributions from that 401(k) would not qualify for the Rule of 55.

Read more about the legislative history of the Rule of 55 on page 18 of my article Solo 401(k)s and the Rule of 55: Does the Answer Lie in 1962?

Planning

Perhaps you’re sitting at home saying “Roth 401(k)s are great. The Rule of 55 is great. Why not combine them?”

I have four reasons not to combine them.

Taxing Roth 401(k) Earnings

Paying tax on a Roth distribution is the planning equivalent of breaking into jail. Combining the Roth 401(k) with the Rule of 55 means taxing Roth earnings as ordinary income. That isn’t a great outcome, particularly when there was no tax deduction on the way into the Roth 401(k).

Here is an example:

Ted leaves Maple Industries at age 56. He withdraws $60,000 from his Maple Industries Roth 401(k) at a time it was worth $300,000 and had $120,000 of previous contributions. Forty percent of the withdrawal ($24,000) is a tax and penalty free return of contributions. Sixty percent of the withdrawal ($36,000) is penalty free under the Rule of 55 but is subject to income taxation.

Perhaps a significant portion of the taxable withdrawal is protected by the standard deduction (what I refer to as the Hidden Roth IRA in the context of traditional retirement account withdrawals). But even at a 10 or 12 percent marginal federal income tax rate, from a planning perspective having any sort of taxable distribution from a Roth account is a bad outcome.

Further, taking money out of a Roth in our 50s means foregoing additional years or decades of tax free growth on that money.

A Great, Easily Accessible Alternative Exists

Before age 59 ½, a Roth 401(k) represents a challenge and an opportunity for an early retiree.

First, the challenge. The challenge is the “cream-in-the-coffee” rule I previously discussed in this post. Distributions before age 59 ½ attract both old contributions and earnings. Earnings are subject to both ordinary income tax and the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty.

Here’s an example:

Moe is age 53. He has a $500,000 Roth 401(k). $200,000 is old contributions and $300,000 is growth on those contributions (earnings). If Moe takes a distribution of $10,000 from the Roth 401(k), $4,000 (40%) will be a tax and penalty free return of contributions and $6,000 (60%) will be a distribution of earnings, subject to both income taxation and a 10 percent early withdrawal penalty (add 2.5% if Moe lives in California).

Here’s the opportunity: Someone like Moe can “isolate” his $200,000 of Roth 401(k) basis and avoid taxation on his Roth withdrawals.

It’s pretty easy. Moe can simply transfer his entire Roth 401(k) to a Roth IRA. That will immediately give Moe $200,000 of “basis” in his Roth IRA (old annual contributions which can be removed at any time for any reason tax and penalty free). Once the Roth 401(k) is in a Roth IRA, Moe has $200,000 (plus any other Roth basis he has separately built up) he can withdraw entirely tax and penalty free for early retirement.

A Good, Not Too Difficult Alternative Exists

There’s another path to basis isolation and avoiding taxation on a Roth 401(k) distribution, but it will be more complicated. This path involves Moe keeping most of the money inside the Roth 401(k).

Returning to the facts of Moe’s example: Say Moe is 53 years old and early retired. If the Roth 401(k) plan allows partial pre-age 59 ½ withdrawals, and Moe wants $10,000 tax and penalty free, he could withdraw $25,000 from the Roth 401(k) and (i) keep $10,000 (40%) and (ii) transfer $15,000 (60%) to a Roth IRA. The transaction will be entirely tax and penalty free as Moe is deemed to get the basis ($10,000) distributed to him and to have transferred the earnings ($15,000) to his Roth IRA. See Exception 3: Roth 401(k) Withdrawal then Rollover in this post for more details.

Why Not Use Taxable Accounts, if Possible?

I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again: I prefer using taxable accounts, if possible, to fund retirement prior to using retirement accounts. While that will not be possible for everyone, why not save before retirement in a manner that facilitates (1) living off taxable accounts prior to age 59 ½ (and pay very low capital gains taxes) while (2) doing very low tax rate Roth conversions in retirement.

Obviously, there’s only so much tax planning anyone can do if they are in their mid-to-late 50s and a couple of months away from retirement. But for those in their 30s, 40s, and even early 50s, now is the time to plan to set up a retirement that is as tax advantageous as possible.

For anyone with a decent amount of time between now and retirement, I would not recommend planning into relying on using the Rule of 55 for a Roth 401(k).

ACA Premium Tax Credit Considerations

I’m concerned that some people take the Roth too far. If you get to retirement prior to age 65 and need to go on an ACA medical insurance plan, having every last penny in Roth accounts is not a good place to be. It can mean that you’re not able to generate taxable income in retirement, meaning you can’t qualify for a significant Premium Tax Credit against hefty ACA insurance premiums.

In theory, the Rule of 55 could be a workaround to that problem. Imagine Jane retires at age 56, and other than a paid off house and $50,000 in a savings account she has a $2,000,000 Roth 401(k) and a $500,000 Roth IRA. How is she going to create any taxable income to qualify for the Premium Tax Credit?

The answer, for a few years, can be the Rule of 55. Jane could take from her Roth 401(k) (assuming it allows partial pre-age 59 ½ distributions), create taxable income on the “earnings” portion of the distribution as discussed above, and avoid the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty under the Rule of 55.

This is still not something that should be planned into. Why not? At age 59 ½, assuming Jane has had the Roth 401(k) for 5 or more years, she will qualify for a “qualified distribution” from the Roth 401(k), meaning that all distributions from it will be entirely tax free.

That’s bad news from a Premium Tax Credit perspective: at that point Jane will have hardly any taxable income (just some interest income from the small savings account) and thus will not generate sufficient income to qualify for the Premium Tax Credit!

Conclusion

It is good that the Roth 401(k) and the Rule of 55 are available options for retirement. Absent unique and extreme circumstances, they generally should not be combined when it comes to retirement planning.

FI Tax Guy can be your financial planner! Find out more by visiting mullaneyfinancial.com

Follow me on Twitter: @SeanMoneyandTax

This post is for entertainment and educational purposes only. It does not constitute accounting, financial, investment, legal, or tax advice. Please consult with your advisor(s) regarding your personal accounting, financial, investment, legal, and tax matters. Please also refer to the Disclaimer & Warning section found here.

New to Financial Independence? Start Here!

Financial independence is great. But sometimes it can be daunting. Personal finance itself can be daunting, and now we’re adding something called financial independence or “FIRE” to it?

I decided it was time to come up with an approachable, understandable, and cost free entry point into financial independence. With the four resources listed below, I believe one can rather quickly get up to speed without needing any sort of advanced knowledge or education. The four resources, including one podcast episode, one very short academic article, and two blog posts, are free and easy to digest.

ChooseFI Episode 100: Welcome to the FI Community

This podcast episode goes over the basics of financial independence.

The Shockingly Simple Math Behind Early Retirement by Mr. Money Mustache

This blog post discusses the math behind early retirement.

The Arithmetic of Active Management by William F. Sharpe

This very brief academic article compares active investing versus passive investing (generally speaking, index funds).

FI Tax Strategies for Beginners by Sean Mullaney

My blog post goes over the basic tactics of tax planning for FI beginners.

Obviously there are plenty more FI resources, and I encourage you to explore them. But my hope is that these four resources comprise a relatively easy on-ramp into financial independence and personal finance for those starting out.

Subscribe to my YouTube Channel: @SeanMullaneyVideos

Follow me on X: @SeanMoneyandTax

This post is for entertainment and educational purposes only. It does not constitute accounting, financial, investment, legal, medical, or tax advice. Please consult with your advisor(s) regarding your personal accounting, financial, investment, legal, medical, and tax matters. Please also refer to the Disclaimer & Warning section found here.