It’s that time of year again. The air is crisp and my favorite football team is surging. That can only mean one thing when it comes to personal finance: time to start thinking about year-end tax planning.
I’ll break it down with three categories: Urgent, Year-End Deadline, and Can Wait Till Next Year. I will also provide some thoughts on 2024 tax planning that can/should be done before year-end in 2023.
As always, none of this is advice for your particular situation but rather it is educational information.
Urgent
By urgent, I mean those items that (i) need to happen before year-end and (ii) may not happen if taxpayers delay and try to accomplish them late in the year.
Donor Advised Fund Contributions
The donor advised fund is a great way to contribute to charity and accelerate a tax deduction. My favorite way to use the donor advised fund is to contribute appreciated stock directly to the donor advised fund. This gets the donor three tax benefits:
- A tax deduction for the fair market value of the contributed appreciated stock,
- Elimination of the built-in capital gain on the contributed appreciated stock, and
- Tax-free treatment of the income earned inside the donor advised fund.
In order to get the first benefit in 2023, the appreciated stock must be received by the donor advised fund prior to January 1, 2024. This deadline is no different than the normal charitable contribution deadline.
However, due to much year end interest in donor advised fund contributions and processing time, different financial institutions will have different deadlines on when transfers must be initiated in order to count for 2023. Donor advised fund planning should be attended to sooner rather than later.
Taxable Roth Conversions
For a Roth conversion to count as being for 2023, it must be done before January 1, 2024. That means New Year’s Eve is the deadline. However, taxable Roth conversions should be done well before New Year’s Eve because
- It requires analysis to determine if a taxable Roth conversion is advantageous,
- If advantageous, the proper amount to convert must be estimated, and
- The financial institution needs time to execute the Roth conversion so it counts as having occurred in 2023.
Remember, generally speaking it is not good to have federal and/or state income taxes withheld when doing Roth conversions!
Roth Conversion Example: See slides 8 through 10 of this slide deck for an example of a Roth conversion in retirement. You might be surprised by just how little federal income tax is owed on a $23,000 Roth conversion.
Example Where I Disfavor Roth Conversions: I present an example of a 73-year old married couple with $400K in deferred retirement accounts and $87K in 2023 gross income. I would not recommend they do end-of-year Roth conversions. This spreadsheet computes the taxable Social Security with and without a $10K Roth conversion.
Gotta Happen Before 2026!!!
You will hear many commentators say “do more Roth conversions before tax rates go up in 2026!” If this were X (the artist formerly known as Twitter), the assertion would likely be accompanied by a hair-on-fire GIF. 😉
I disagree with the assertion. As I have stated before, there’s nothing more permanent than a temporary tax cut. You do your own risk assessment, but mine is this: members of Congress like to win reelection, and they are not going to want to face voters without having acted to ensure popular tax cuts, such as the reduction of the 15% tax rate down to 12% and the increased standard deduction, are extended.
I recommend that you make your own personal taxable Roth conversion decisions based on your own personal situation and analysis of the landscape and not a fear of future tax hikes.
Learn all about the Pro-Rata Rule here.
Adjust Withholding
This varies, but it is a good idea to look at how much tax you owed last year (line 24 on the Form 1040). If you are on pace to get 100% (110% if 2022 AGI is $150K or greater) or slightly more of that amount paid into Uncle Sam by the end of the year (take a look at your most recent pay stub), there’s likely no need for action. But what if you are likely to have much more or much less than 100%/110%? It may be that you want to reduce or increase your workplace withholdings for the rest of 2023. If you do, don’t forget to reassess your workplace withholdings for 2024 early in the year.
Backdoor Roth IRA Diligence
The deadline for the Backdoor Roth IRA for 2023 is not December 31st, as I will discuss below. But if you have already completed a Backdoor Roth IRA for 2023, the deadline to get to a zero balance in all traditional IRAs, SEP IRAs, and SIMPLE IRAs is December 31, 2023.
Solo 401(k) Planning
There’s plenty of planning that needs to be done for solopreneurs in terms of retirement account contributions. Even though Schedule C solopreneurs can now establish a Solo 401(k) after year-end (up to April 15th), it is absolutely the case that it is better to do the planning upfront. For those Schedule C solopreneurs with a Solo 401(k) established, December 31st is the deadline to make 2023 employee deferral contributions or make a 2023 deferral election as an alternative to making the payments in 2023. December 31st is also the 2023 employee deferral contribution for solopreneurs operating out of S corporations.
The Solo 401(k) can get complicated. That’s why I wrote a book about them and post an annual update on Solo 401(k)s here on the blog.
Year-End Deadline
These items can wait till close to year-end, though you don’t want to find yourself doing them on New Year’s Eve.
Tax Gain Harvesting
For those finding themselves in the 12% or lower federal marginal income tax bracket and with an asset in a taxable account with a built-in gain, tax gain harvesting prior to December 31, 2023 may be a good tax tactic to increase basis without incurring additional federal income tax. Remember, though, the gain itself increases one’s taxable income, making it harder to stay within the 12% or lower marginal income tax bracket.
I’m also quite fond of tax gain harvesting that reallocates one’s portfolio in a tax efficient manner.
Tax Gain Harvesting Example: See slide 15 of this slide deck for an example of tax gain harvesting in retirement.
Tax Loss Harvesting
The deadline for tax loss harvesting for 2023 is December 31, 2023. Just remember to navigate the wash sale rule.
RMDs from Your Own Retirement Account
The deadline to take any required minimum distributions from one’s own retirement account is December 31, 2023. Remember, the rules can get a bit confusing. Generally, IRAs can be aggregated for RMD purposes, but 401(k)s cannot.
RMDs from Inherited Accounts
The deadline to take any RMDs from inherited retirement accounts is December 31st. For some beneficiaries of retirement accounts inherited during 2020, 2021, and 2022, the IRS has waived 2023 RMDs. That said, all beneficiaries of inherited retirement accounts may want to consider affirmatively taking distributions (in addition to RMDs, if any) before the end of 2023 to put the income into a lower tax year, if 2023 happens to be a lower taxable income year vis-a-vis future tax years.
Can Wait Till Next Year
Traditional IRA and Roth IRA Contribution Deadline
The deadline for funding either or both a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA for 2023 is April 15, 2024.
Backdoor Roth IRA Deadline
There’s no law saying “the deadline for the Backdoor Roth IRA is DATE X.” However, the deadline to make a nondeductible traditional IRA contribution for the 2023 tax year is April 15, 2024. Those doing the Backdoor Roth IRA for 2023 and doing the Roth conversion step in 2024 may want to consider the unique tax filing when that happens (what I refer to as a “Split-Year Backdoor Roth IRA”).
HSA Funding Deadline
The deadline to fund an HSA for 2023 is April 15, 2024. Those who have not maximized their HSA through payroll deductions during the year may want to look into establishing payroll withholding for their HSA so as to take advantage of the payroll tax break available when HSAs are funded through payroll.
The deadline for those age 55 and older to fund a Baby HSA for 2023 is April 15, 2024.
2024 Tax Planning at the End of 2023
HDHP and HSA Open Enrollment
It’s open enrollment season. Now is a great time to assess whether a high deductible health plan (a HDHP) is a good medical insurance plan for you. One of the benefits of the HDHP is the health savings account (an HSA).
For those who already have a HDHP, now is a good time to review payroll withholding into the HSA. Many HSA owners will want to max this out through payroll deductions so as to qualify to reduce both income taxes and payroll taxes.
Self-Employment Tax Planning
Year-end is a great time for solopreneurs, particularly newer solopreneurs, to assess their business structure and retirement plans. Perhaps 2024 is the year to open a Solo 401(k). Perhaps their business is growing such that an S corporation election makes sense. The best time to be thinking about these sorts of things for 2024 is late in 2023. Often this analysis benefits from professional consultations.
Additional Resource
Please see my November 11, 2023 ChooseFI Orange County year-end tax planning presentation slide deck.
FI Tax Guy can be your financial planner! Find out more by visiting mullaneyfinancial.com
Follow me on Twitter at @SeanMoneyandTax
This post is for entertainment and educational purposes only. It does not constitute accounting, financial, legal, investment, or tax advice. Please consult with your advisor(s) regarding your personal accounting, financial, legal, investment, and tax matters. Please also refer to the Disclaimer & Warning section found here.